Arminians … ", Human free will is limited by original sin, though God's. At the same time, Wesley attacked the determinism that he claimed characterized unconditional election and maintained a belief in the ability to lose salvation. The power of choice under this definition has the potential for as much harm as it does good, and open theists see free will as the best answer to the problem of evil. So, in the Calvinism vs. Arminianism debate, who is correct? In this article we have catalogued the names of many famous Calvinists – Christians who believed and taught the five points of Calvinism, abbreviated as T.U.L.I.P. Forlines and Olson have referred to such Arminianism as "Classical Arminianism",[19][20] while Picirilli, Pinson, have termed it "Reformation Arminianism"[21] or "Reformed Arminianism".[22]. The Calvinists wrote their vision of what salvation looks like and how it happens under God’s sovereignty. Jacobus Arminius was a Dutch pastor and theologian in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Pastor John gets at the heart of the theological divide. Both groups overlap substantially. Arminians aren’t really Arminians. Calvinists interpret this passage to mean that God irresistibly called Paul because he was elected to salvation. Do Calvinists and Arminians believe that belief and faith originated in and from themselves and man, and not God, is this what Calvinists or Arminians believe? It is read by Christians of all strips including Calvinists, Arminians… But this security was not unconditional but conditional—"provided they [believers] stand prepared for the battle, implore his help, and be not wanting to themselves, Christ preserves them from falling. "[61], These scholars also maintain that Jesus was the only human ever elected and that individuals must be "in Christ" (Eph 1:3–4) through faith to be part of the elect. This notion of sovereignty and freedom is foundational to their understanding of love since open theists believe that love is not genuine unless it is freely chosen. The Calvinists didn’t come up with five points to start with. The true Gospel of salvation in Jesus Christ is monergistic. New Calvinism is not so much a belief as it is a movement. Various other theologians or Bible scholars as B. J. Oropeza,[26] Keith D. Stanglin,[27] Craig S. Keener, Thomas H. McCall,[27] and Grant R. Osborne can be mentioned as well. This type of salvation is “one-way” (where only one party – God – is at work) therefore it is referred to as monergistic, with God being the AUTHOR and FINISHER of our faith. The debate between Calvin's followers and Arminius's followers is characteristic of post-Reformation church history. "[62] Markus Barth illustrates the inter-connectedness: "Election in Christ must be understood as the election of God's people. The distinction is whether God allows His desire to save all to be resisted by an individual's will (in the Arminian doctrine) or if God only desires to save some people, and that his grace is irresistible to those God chooses to save. Some of these beliefs, such as Pelagianism and semi-Pelagianism (see below) are not considered to be within Arminian orthodoxy and are dealt with elsewhere. Ever since Arminius and his followers revolted against Calvinism in the early 17th century, Protestant soteriology has been largely divided between Calvinism and Arminianism. Only as members of that community do individuals share in the benefits of God's gracious choice."[63]. Man's Will. As such, open theists resolve the issue of human free will and God's sovereignty by claiming that God is sovereign because he does not ordain each human choice, but rather works in cooperation with his creation to bring about his will. Most Arminians reconcile human free will with God's sovereignty and foreknowledge by holding three points: The majority Arminian view is that election is individual and based on God's foreknowledge of faith, but a second perspective deserves mention. Calvinists are clever. Pressing this point further reveals a massive difference between Calvinists and Arminians regarding the atonement: The Calvinist denies that “God’s saving purpose in the death of … The pastor and theologian Brian Abasciano claims "What Paul says about Jews, Gentiles, and Christians, whether of their place in God’s plan, or their election, or their salvation, or how they should think or behave, he says from a corporate perspective which views the group as primary and those he speaks about as embedded in the group. It was Arminianism and the free-will gospel that was once called heresy and labeled such at the Synod of Dort back in 1618. There are five-point Calvinists and five-point Arminians, and at the same time three-point Calvinists and two-point Arminians. Arminians agree on this point. Spurgeon said, “I do not hesitate to say, that Phariseeism is mixed with Hyper-Calvinism more than with any other sect in the world.” Spurgeon’s theology could not be fit into a box. He defended Arminianism against charges of semi-Pelagianism, holding strongly to beliefs in original sin and total depravity. When Dutch Calvinists and Arminians squared off against one another in the early part of the seventeenth century, the Calvinists won the opening battle. Arminians who preach Arminianism bear even less. The current scholarly support for Arminianism is wide and varied: Among Baptist theologians, Roger E. Olson, F. Leroy Forlines, Robert Picirilli, and J. Matthew Pinson are four supporters of a return to the teachings of Arminius. Many Calvinists are pious, learned, sensible men; and so are many Arminians… [46], Picirilli remarks: "Ever since that early period, then, when the issue was being examined again, Arminians have taught that those who are truly saved need to be warned against apostasy as a real and possible danger."[47]. The emerging Baptist movement in 17th-century England, for example, was a microcosm of the historic debate between Calvinists and Arminians. The extreme of Calvinism is hyper-Calvinism, which insists that signs of election must be sought before evangelization of the unregenerate takes place and that the eternally damned have no obligation to repent and believe, and on the extreme of Arminianism is Pelagianism, which rejects the doctrine of original sin on grounds of moral accountability; but the overwhelming majority of Protestant, evangelical pastors and theologians hold to one of these two systems or somewhere in between. Arminianism, a theological movement in Christianity, a liberal reaction to the Calvinist doctrine of predestination.The movement began early in the 17th century and asserted that God’s sovereignty and … Can Arminians make a comparable claim? God bears witness against him, not for him; and testifies that "there is none righteous, no, not one"; that there is "none that doeth good"; none "that understandeth"; none that even seeks after God, and, still more, none that loves Him (Psa. The doctrine of open theism states that God is omnipresent, omnipotent, and omniscient, but differs on the nature of the future. The majority of Southern Baptists, including Billy Graham, accept Arminianism with an exception allowing for a doctrine of perseverance of the saints ("eternal security"). Lutherans espouse a view of salvation and election distinct from both the Calvinist and Arminian schools of soteriology. "[60], Corporate election draws support from a similar concept of corporate election found in the Old Testament and Jewish law. Click HERE to see our list of quotes by famous Calvinist preachers and teachers. Arminianism is related to Calvinism historically. The London Confession of 1689 was later used by Calvinistic Baptists in America (called the Philadelphia Baptist Confession), whereas the Standard Confession of 1660 was used by the American heirs of the English General Baptists, who soon came to be known as Free Will Baptists. Methodist theologian Thomas Oden,[23] "Evangelical Methodists" Bible scholar Ben Witherington III,[24] and Christian apologist David Pawson[25] are generally Arminian in their theologies. The ranks of well-known Arminians include historical and current day Roman Catholics, the Remonstrants of the 17th century and John and Charles Wesley. They should not be confused with, Christian Churches and Churches of Christ, Salvation in Christianity § Protestantism, "Covenant, Universal Call And Definite Atonement", "The Arminian Confession of 1621 and Apostasy", "The Nature of Atonement in the Theology of Jacobus Arminius", Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, "Will the Real Arminius Please Stand Up? [1] – most preachers nowadays preach free-willism. Children of Arminians … Calvinists who preach Calvinism bear little fruit. Indeed most biblical scholarship is in agreement that Judeo-Greco-Roman thought in the 1st century was opposite of the Western world's "individual first" mantra—it was very collectivist or communitarian in nature. We can make this claim: the very first Baptists were Arminians. It is only in the past 150 years or so, and most predominently in the past 50 to 100 years, that the opposing view (Arminianism, also known as the “Free-Will” gospel) has spread like wildfire in the churches to the point where Calvinism is now considered heresy by many professing Christian teachers and preachers. Instead Arminius proposed that the election of God was of believers, thereby making it conditional on faith. Classical Arminianism, to which Arminius is the main contributor, and Wesleyan Arminianism, to which John Wesley is the main contributor, are the two main schools of thought. The same goes for the term “free will.” When Calvinists and Arminians use these terms in … A short article by Augustus Toplady, contemporary Anglican clergyman and bitter opponent of John Wesley. Arminius began as a Calvinist, and gradually came to reject certain tenets of Calvin’s teachings. ... For many, hearing the word Calvinism produces a violent internal reaction like one would have after observing a dirty diaper. His teachings held to the five solae of the Reformation, but they were distinct from particular teachings of Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, and other Protestant Reformers. "[40] Furthermore, Christ and the Spirit are ever present to aid and assist believers through various temptations. [citation needed] Denominations such as the Anabaptists (beginning in 1525), Waldensians (pre-Reformation),[5] and other groups prior to the Reformation have also affirmed that each person may choose the contingent response of either resisting God's grace or yielding to it. Droves of Calvinists have become Arminians—at least in practice.. Arminians don’t have to be. [8] Historically, the Council of Orange (529) condemned semi-Pelagian thought (as well as Supralapsarian Calvinism), and is accepted by some as a document which can be understood as teaching a doctrine between Augustinian thought and semi-Pelagian thought, relegating Arminianism to the orthodoxy of the early Church fathers. [2], Dutch Arminianism was originally articulated in the Remonstrance (1610), a theological statement signed by 45 ministers and submitted to the States General of the Netherlands. [9], Jacobus Arminius was a Dutch pastor and theologian in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Jacobus Arminius (Jakob Harmenszoon) was a student of Theodore Beza (Calvin's successor) at the Theological University of Geneva. Open theists claim that the future is not completely determined (or "settled") because people have not made their free decisions yet. [10] After some political maneuvering, the Dutch Calvinists were able to convince Prince Maurice of Nassau to deal with the situation. The parts of agreement are highlighted in yellow. While there are various opinions on what constitutes Hyper-Calvinism, most calvinists would define the term hyper-calvinism to mean the belief that there is no need to preach to anyone in order for a person to be saved by God and that salvation is entirely an act of God, even apart from a preacher. This view is in stark contrast to a two-way salvation (God doing His part and man supposedly doing his part), which is a synergistic – and unbiblical though very popular – view. [15][16][17] Many see Calvinism as growing in acceptance,[18] and some prominent Reformed Baptists, such as Albert Mohler and Mark Dever, have been pushing for the Southern Baptist Convention to adopt a more Calvinistic orientation (no Baptist church is bound by any resolution adopted by the Southern Baptist Convention). Fixity does not lie in a hidden decree, therefore, but in corporate unity of the Church with Christ, whom it has come to know in the gospel and has learned to embrace in faith. The terms "Calvinist" and "Arminian" are derived from the names of two individuals who promoted differing theological approaches. Recently one of my faithful readers who also often comments here posted a link to a recent episode of “Ask Pastor John”—John … Though he called himself a Calvinist, he did not hold with all points of Calvinism… Wesley thoroughly agreed with the vast majority of what Arminius himself taught, maintaining strong doctrines of original sin, total depravity, conditional election, prevenient grace, unlimited atonement, and the possibility of apostasy. Arminianism is named after the aforementioned Jacob Arminius (1560-1609). To be more exact, Calvinism … Monergism Vs. Synergism — Which View Is Correct? Wesleyan-Arminian theology is taught by the Methodist Churches. Wesley was a champion of Arminian teachings, defending his soteriology in a periodical titled The Arminian and writing articles such as Predestination Calmly Considered. Toplady is … Wesley also clarified the doctrine of prevenient grace and preached the ability of Christians to attain to perfection (fully mature, not "sinlessness"). The original beliefs of Jacobus Arminius himself are commonly defined as Arminianism, but more broadly, the term may embrace the teachings of Simon Episcopius,[6] Hugo Grotius, John Wesley, and others. If you know this particular Mark, you would not be surprised to hear him request for a list of my “Top 42 favorite preachers/theologians that lean Arminian.” Regardless of where I stand in this never-ending debate between Calvinists and Arminians… the. The controversy, however, soon spread … A simple yes or no, … Children of Calvinists are always elected and usually very cardboard-cutout-ish. Life isn't logical or sensible or orderly. When the Arminians … True salvation does not require the spiritually dead sinner to do anything. Carroll: 1843-1914 (founder South Western Theological Seminary), Charles Hodge: 1797–1878 (Presbyterian theologian and principal of Princeton Theological Seminary), Charles Spurgeon: 1834-1892 (famous Baptist preacher in England), Cornelius Van Til: 1895–1987 (Christian philosopher and Reformed theologian at Westminster Theological Seminary), Francis Schaeffer: 1912-1984 (author of “How Shall We Then Live” video series), George Mueller: 1805-1898 (Christian evangelist and orphanage director), George Whitefield:1714-1770 (evangelist, preacher and one of the founders of Methodism), Isaac Watts: 1674–1748 (hymn writer, theologian, pastor), J.C. Ryle: 1816-1900 (writer, pastor, evangelical preacher), J.P. Boyce: 1827-1888 (founder Southern Baptist Theological Seminary), John Bunyan: 1628-1688 (author of Pilgrim’s Progress), John Calvin: 1509-1564 (preacher & Bible scholar), John Gresham Machen: 1881–1937 (American Presbyterian theologian at Princeton Seminary, founded the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, founded Westminster Theological Seminary), John L. Dagg: 1794-1884 (Baptist theologian), John Foxe: 1516-1587 (author of Foxe’s Book Of Martyrs), John Gill: 1697-1771 (renowned theologian and Bible commentary author), John Knox: 1513-1572 (founder of Presbyterianism), John Newton: 1725-1807 (wrote the hymn “Amazing Grace”), John Owen: 1616-1683 (theologian and author), Jonathan Edwards: 1703-1758 (evangelist, preacher, author of “Sinners In The Hands Of An Angry God”), Martyn Lloyd-Jones: 1834-1892 (pastor and theologian), Martin Luther: 1483-1546 (Protestant Reformer), Matthew Henry: 1662-1712 (famous Bible commentary author), Roger Williams: 1603-1683 (founded the first Baptist church in America), Ulrich Zwingli: 1484–1531 (a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland), William Carey: 1761-1834 (missionary to India), William Wilberforce: 1759-1833 (slavery abolitionist in England), Zacharias Ursinus: 1534–1583 (Reformed theologian in Germany). Tozer Andrew Murray … They formalized their views in "The Opinion of the Remonstrants" (1618),[45] and later in the Remonstrant Confession (1621). A Study of the Theology of Jacobus Arminius in Light of His Interpreters", "The Question, 'What Is an Arminian?' Perhaps because of misunderstanding or even lack of familiarity with the Bible, they revolt upon hearing this word. [10], Arminius's followers, not wanting to adopt their leader's name, called themselves the Remonstrants. Their robust Calvinism was publicized in such confessions as the London Baptist Confession of 1644 and the Second London Confession of 1689. The core beliefs of Jacobus Arminius and the Remonstrants are summarized as such by theologian Stephen Ashby: John Wesley has historically been the most influential advocate for the teachings of Arminian soteriology. Arthur Pink’s book “The Sovereignty Of God” on-line, Doctrines of Grace Categorized Scripture List, Greg Elmquist’s articles on election and predestination, Doctrines Of Grace Overview At BannerOfTruth.org, Loraine Boettner articles on Calvinism, election, etc.”, Various great authors of reformed theology. Arminianism is a branch of Protestantism based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius (1560–1609) and his historic supporters known as Remonstrants. It is interesting to note that in the diversity of the body of Christ, there are all sorts of mixtures of Calvinism and Arminianism. B. Warfield: 1851–1921 (principal of the Princeton Theological Seminary), Benjamin Keach: 1640-1704 (primary author of the 1689 Baptist Confession), B.H. The Synod of Dort (1618–19) was called by the States General to consider the Five Articles of Remonstrance. As a result of the new covenant, God's chosen people are now the corporate body of Christ, the church (sometimes called spiritual Israel—see also Covenant theology). Some believe that believers are eternally secure in Christ and cannot be lost) 5 Points of Evangelicalism Many Christians agree with parts of Calvinism and parts of Arminianism. Classical Arminianism is the theological system that was presented by Jacobus Arminius and maintained by some of the Remonstrants;[28] its influence serves as the foundation for all Arminian systems. See our article about Primitive Baptists – True Hyper-Calvinists for a more in-depth discussion of hyper-calvinism and why it is most definitely unbiblical. [55] Joseph Dongell stated that "open theism actually moves beyond classical Arminianism towards process theology. Some Calvinists assert that the Arminian perspective presents a synergistic system of Salvation and therefore is not only by Grace, while Arminians firmly reject this conclusion. What Calvinists And Arminians Can Agree On. Joseph Dongell, professor at Asbury Theological Seminary, states "the most conspicuous feature of Ephesians 1:3–2:10 is the phrase 'in Christ', which occurs twelve times in Ephesians 1:3–14 alone...this means that Jesus Christ himself is the chosen one, the predestined one. Well-known proponents of this theology are Greg Boyd, Clark Pinnock, Thomas Jay Oord, William Hasker, and John E. Sanders. As scripture says in Jonah 2:9 “Salvation is of the Lord”. Arminians Versus Calvinists: Some Surprising Statistics. According to this corporate election, God never chose individuals to elect to salvation, but rather He chose to elect the believing church to salvation. This same dynamic between Arminianism and Calvinism can be seen in the heated discussions between friends and fellow Anglican ministers John Wesley and George Whitefield. However this belief is erroneous in light of Romans 10:14 and other Bible passages. Calvinism comes from John Calvin … Reformed Calvinists and Arminians both stand firmly opposed to Pelaginism and would also say they oppose semi-Pelagianism (though Arminians are sometimes accused of it). And Arminians have as much right to be angry at Calvinists, as Calvinists have to be angry at Arminians. Put another way, is God's sovereignty shown, in part, through His allowance of free decisions? Arminius died before he could satisfy Holland's State General's request for a 14-page paper outlining his views. These Arminians reject the concept of individual election entirely, preferring to understand the doctrine in corporate terms. For example, there is a group called “Sovereign Grace Ministries” that falls into this category. His most famous book and cherished book is With Christ in the School of Prayer which is freely available on many Christian websites like. We know certainly that John Smyth and Thomas Helwys, … Some assert that Universalists and Unitarians in the 18th and 19th centuries were theologically linked with Arminianism. Holiness movement theologians Henry Orton Wiley, Carl O. Bangs and J. Kenneth Grider can also be mentioned among recent proponents of Arminianism. The free will of man versus God's sovereign will is linked to many points in the Calvinism … scholarly argument against Calvinism … If a person ever truly comes to God, the God of the bible, it is because GOD has already taken out their heart of stone and given them a heart of flesh (Ezekiel 36:26-27). by Robert Morey, Video: Short Sermon On Election by John MacArthur. My Response to John Piper’s Comments about Arminians . New Calvinists believe in the five points of Calvinism. Wesley departs from Classical Arminianism primarily on three issues: Since the time of Arminius his name has come to represent a very large variety of beliefs. Biblical Christian Orthodoxy Is Now Considered Heretical Introduction   What was once…, Quotes By Puritans And Famous Calvinists We Hope You Enjoy These Gems Of Wisdom From…, A Free-Will Prayer   In his sermon "Free Will - A Slave", the famous Baptist…, The divine testimony concerning man is, that he is a sinner. Arminianism: The Road to Rome! The history of the Calvinist–Arminian debate begins in early 17th century in the Netherlands with a Christian theological dispute between the followers of John Calvin and Jacobus Arminius, and … One important point we wish to make in this article is that all these godly and scholarly Bible teachers believed that what is known today as Calvinism, was and is in fact the true Gospel, the true teachings of the Bible regarding election, predestination and the sovereignty of God in salvation. Arminian theology usually falls into one of two groups—Classical Arminianism, drawn from the teaching of Jacobus Arminius—and Wesleyan Arminian, drawing primarily from Wesley. Arminius was a student of Theadore Beza (Calvin’s immediate successor) and became a pastor and then a professor of theology. Famous Arminian preachers and theologians Jacob Arminius Johan van Oldenbarnavelt Hugo Grotius Simon Eposcopius William Laud John Wesley Charles Wesley A.W. and also known as “The Doctrines Of Grace”. This Synod of Dort was open primarily to Dutch Calvinists (102 people), while the Arminians were excluded (13 people banned from voting), with Calvinist representatives from other countries (28 people), and in 1618 published a condemnation of Arminius and his followers as heretics. Arminianism is known to some as a soteriological diversification of Calvinism;[1] to others, Arminianism is a reclamation of early Church theological consensus. [12][13][14] Denominations leaning in the Calvinist direction are grouped as the Reformed churches and include Particular Baptists, Reformed Baptists, Presbyterians, and Congregationalists. Part of this publication was the famous Five points of Calvinism in response to the five articles of Remonstrance.[10]. A list of beliefs is given below: On whether a believer could commit apostasy (i.e., desert Christ by cleaving again to this evil world, losing a good conscience, or by failing to hold on to sound doctrine), Arminius declared that this matter required further study in the Scriptures. Maurice systematically removed Arminian magistrates from office and called a national synod at Dordrecht. Instead Arminius proposed that the election of God was of believers, thereby making it conditional on faith. New Calvinists tend NOT to adhere as strictly to the Three Forms of Unity and other Reformed confessions of faith as do traditional Calvinists. Some doctrines, however, do adhere to the Arminian foundation and, while minority views, are highlighted below. Neo-Calvinism is a form of Calvinism initiated by the Dutch theologian Abraham Kuyper. [11] The Baptist movement originated with Thomas Helwys, who left his mentor John Smyth (who had moved into shared belief and other distinctives of the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites of Amsterdam) and returned to London to start the first English Baptist Church in 1611. Recent Arminians include Charles Finney, Dwight Moody, Billy Graham, Rick Warren … In the 1640s the Particular Baptists were formed, diverging strongly from Arminian doctrine and embracing the strong Calvinism of the Presbyterians and Independents. "Arminism" and "Arminians" redirect here. God's foreknowledge of the future is exhaustive and complete, and therefore the future is certain and not contingent on human action. God speaks of man kindly, but severely; as one yearning over a lost child, yet as one who will make no terms with sin, and will "by no means clear the guilty." This Sunday school teacher was famous … Faiths leaning at least in part in the Arminian direction include Methodists, Free Will Baptists, Christian Churches and Churches of Christ, General Baptists, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Church of the Nazarene, The Wesleyan Church, The Salvation Army, Conservative Mennonites, Old Order Mennonites, Amish and a part of the Charismatics including the Pentecostals. Some schools of thought, notably semi-Pelagianism—which teaches that the first step of Salvation is by human will[7]—are confused as being Arminian in nature. But classical Arminianism holds that the first step of Salvation is solely the grace of God. These individuals act as members of the group to which they belong, and what happens to them happens by virtue of their membership in the group. Wesley's famous work on "entire sanctification." And their views on these doctrines were the accepted views of what was considered “orthodox” – as compared to “unorthodox” or heretical – teaching regarding salvation. The 5 Points of Calvinism … This was, in fact, Swiss Reformed theologian, Karl Barth's, understanding of the doctrine of election. "[42][43], After the death of Arminius in 1609, the Remonstrants maintained their leader's view on conditional security and his uncertainty regarding the possibility of believers committing apostasy. John Calvin was a pious, learned, sensible man; and so was James Harmens. Famous Calvinists Of The Past: Arthur W. Pink: 1886-1952 (Bible teacher, theologian and author) Augustus Toplady: 1740-1778 (author of “Rock Of Ages” and other hymns) B. [44] However, sometime between 1610, and the official proceeding of the Synod of Dort (1618), the Remonstrants became fully persuaded in their minds that the Scriptures taught that a true believer was capable of falling away from faith and perishing eternally as an unbeliever. [61] Identity stemmed from membership in a group more than individuality. Total Inability or Total Depravity. God purposely exercises his sovereignty in ways that do not illustrate its extent—in other words, He has the power and authority to predetermine salvation but he chooses to apply it through different means. He was taught by Theodore Beza, Calvin's hand-picked successor, but after examination of the scriptures, he rejected his teacher's theology that it is God who unconditionally elects some for salvation. The first Baptists—called "General Baptists" because of their confession of a "general" or unlimited atonement—were Arminians. Both Calvinists and Arminians say “God is sovereign,” but mean different things by sovereign. 3:10-12). Both Calvinists and Arminians see grace as powerful and necessary, but not in the same way. Life is a mess … Many consider the theological differences to be crucial differences in doctrine, while others find them to be relatively minor. Murray's books on prayer are beloved by most everyone in the Evangelical Church and beyond. God therefore knows the future partially in possibilities (human free actions) rather than solely certainties (divinely determined events). Calvinists claim that early Baptist leaders, especially in the American South, were Calvinists. Advocates of both Arminianism and Calvinism find a home in many Protestant denominations, and sometimes both exist within the same denomination. Please check out our material on Predestination & Free Will for some extremely insightful articles and Bible studies on these intriguing and controversial subjects. These articles asserted that, "These points", note Keith D. Stanglin and Thomas H. McCall, "are consistent with the views of Arminius; indeed, some come verbatim from his Declaration of Sentiments. Twelve years later Holland officially granted Arminianism protection as a religion, although animosity between Arminians and Calvinists continued.

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