explain the causes and consequences of the peloponnesian war

[1] This notion of Greekness was not enough to overcome deep divisions within the Greek world. Its two conflicting forces were the Peloponnesian League, which was headed by the city-state Sparta, and the Delian League, which was headed city-state of Athens. The Peloponnesian war had lasting, traumatic effects for Greek society, breaking any chance of a unified Greek state that could stand together against invaders, which ultimately left the door open for Macedonian control. While the Greek city states of Sparta and Athens had demonstrated that they could, in fact, work together to defeat the Persians… Peloponnesian wars were a result of the lack of understanding between Athens and Sparta. Thucydides traces the development of Athenian power through the growth of the Athenian empire in the years 479 BC to 432 BC in book one of the History (1.89–118). The dispute over Corcyra was a result of the dispute of the Epidamnus and leads to the dispute of the Potidaea. Athenians use the money from other city-states to build stuff in the city to make it more protective and grand. In the Spartan assembly, they were growing alarmed at the growth of Athenian power. Cause The war was between Sparta, and Athens, and the problem started with power. It had emerged as a great Empire in a quick period, and this upset the traditional balance of power. His on the scene reporting was the first of its kind and has been used by historians and political theorists for the last twenty four hundred years. The murder of a Theban envoy in Plataea was one of the short term causes of the Peloponnesian war. A. Thebes was allied at the time with Athens, and Plataea was linked to Sparta. They unilaterally banned the ships of that Megara from its port and its allies. Megara was a long-time Spartan ally, which was widely resented, as it was seen as an attempt to make Megara completely dependent on Athens. In the aftermath of the Persian Wars, the Greeks were unable to maintain their unity. Which was the most important effect of the Peloponnesian War? There was a truce period of 30 years before the Peloponnesian wars started between Athens and Sparta. Corinth and other members of the Peloponnesian League were unhappy about Sparta’s lack of leadership. Thucydides is mistaken in his famous assertion that "[w]hat made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta". Thucydides noted that many believed that war was only a matter of time and that the Thirty Years Peace Treaty would soon be broken by one side or the other. This war shifted power from Athens to Sparta, making Sparta the most powerful city-state in the region. [19] The destruction of the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami ended the war, and Athens surrendered the following year. According to Burn, (123), the Peloponnesian War … Then the situation spun out of control when the allies of Sparta attacked the allies of Athens. It lasted 27 years. The Peloponnesian Wars – Lesson and Activity The main objective of this lesson is to have students describe causes, effects and strategies of the Peloponnesian war through primary and secondary source analysisThis lesson has been updated for Digital Learning, Students can complete and submit work on Athens was a democracy, and it was very individualistic. Once Athens had issued the Megarian decree, it initiated a chain of events that led to the Spartan invasion of the Athenian territory. The population played a significant role in politics, and indeed it was a fairly radical democracy for the time. The state took boys from their families and trained them from youth to be soldiers. The city-states continued on with their habitual warfare under different pretexts and alignments. [16] This was not acceptable to Sparta, and they believed that if Megara came within the orbit of the Athenians, they would use the port to weaken their position in Greece. Sparta led the fight against Athens. Modern critics rarely praise Ephorus’ historiography. This war shifted power from Athens to Sparta, making Sparta the most powerful city-state in the region. Thucydides explains the next contributing factors for the cause of the Peloponnesian War was the dispute over the Corcyraeans. cause. The Corcyra never joined the Athenian League or the Spartans, w… What were the causes and effects of the peloponnesian war on the greek city-state The Greek city-states, with ongoing confrontations, became polarised by Athens’ use of the anti-Persian Delian League to further its own interests, prosperity and dominance. It was a terrible war. Before the Peloponnesian War, the city-states of Greece had worked together to fight off the Persians. When you try to help someone, and are rudely asked to leave, you would probably be offended. Sparta was almost the opposite of Athens in every way. "[10] Thucydides believed that the Peloponnesian War was inevitable because when a rising power confronted another power, they would inevitably wage war against each other to further or protect their interests. Although the conflict lasted for 28 years, and caused huge economic, political, and societal problems for both Athens and Sparta as well… The cities of Ionia were also liberated from Persian control. Athens' transformation of the Delian League (a defensive alliance between Greek city-states against Persians and other future invaders) into a naval empire for the advancement of its own interests. Causes of the Peloponnesian War Athens and Sparta formed . Both were cities in Greece. The primary causes were that Sparta feared the growing power and influence of the Athenian Empire. Importance of the Peloponnesian War . They had real difficulties understanding each other, and this lead to mutual suspicions. How did Athens's growing power threaten Sparta? To the general and historian, Thucydides, the Peloponnesian War was the greatest war because it lasted for such a long time and during this time it caused much suffering for the Greeks. This conflict involved Athens and Corinth, with the latter receiving some support from Sparta. It was fought in 5th century BC between the democratic Athens and the Peloponnesian League led by oligarchic Sparta.Lasting for more than a quarter of a century, it marked the end of the golden age of Greece. Sparta favored the many oligarchies and distrusted the role of the common people in government. Cultural and ethnic differences were driving the Greek world apart. In this conflict, Sparta eventually sought help from the Persian fleet to defeat Athens. Sparta's well-disciplined and much-feared army was the source of its military power. This disagreement led to friction and eventually outright war. Thucydides has said, “If you ride on the tiger of war, it is hard to get off.” Athens and Sparta experienced this concept for almost 30 years. This strategy was recommended by Pericles to the Athenians and was much praised by Thucydides. While there was a definite sense of ‘Greekness’ and a common cultural heritage, it did not override the more local loyalties. Causes of the Peloponnesian War- Athens and Sparta formed opposing alliances; The Spartan army laid siege to the city of Athens. The Peloponnesian War In my paper I will attempt to explain the causes of the peloponnesian war between Sparta and Athens and the conclusion of the war. According to the historian Thucydides, the final decisive factors in the loss of the Peloponnesian War had been ships, money, and sea power (Hale, 245). Gradually, the Athenians began to turn the Delian League into an Empire. Some leading Spartans became concerned that their inaction would push the other major Greek powers to side with Athens. The ancient Greek historian of the Peloponnesian War, who lived almost 2,500 years ago, makes the title of Graham Allison’s prominent new volume, Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? During the first years of the war moved slowly The big cultural differences between the two Greek powers was also a contributory factor to the increasing tensions that later exploded into an all-out war that consumed the entire Greek world. These conflicts lasted from 431 until 404 BC. There are a number of factors that led to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war. This war broke out because of a series of incidents, which were mentioned, in the previous paragraph. During this period Athens started acquiring a lot of … Peloponnesian War. Sparta began to contemplate war, but they seemed unwilling to declare war formally. Democracy in Athens was briefly overthrown in 411 BCE as a result of its poor handling of the Peloponnesian War. [4] It had developed into the greatest maritime power in the Greek world and could dominate the trade routes in the eastern Mediterranean. This League was an alliance of city-states and islands that vowed to continue the war against the Persians until they no longer represented a threat to their alliance. Peloponnesian War reshaped the ancient Greek world. The causes of the war are that the Athenian Empire upset the Greek world's balance of power. Firstly, the political structure of classical Greek society was itself a cause of war. Athens had also been turned into a formidable stronghold when the city constructed the ‘Long Walls.’ These walls connected the city with its port, Piraeus, allowed the city to supply itself, and made any siege of the city unlikely to succeed.[3]. Its push for influence brought on formation of the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta to oppose it. Why Was Gordium Important to Alexander the Great’s Conquests? [2.47.3] Not many days after their arrival in Attica the plague first began to show itself among the Athenians. [8] As Athens seemed to be growing more powerful, there was a growing pro-war party in Sparta. Start studying Causes and Effects of the... PELOPONNESIAN WARS!!!. Thucydides explains the next contributing factors for the cause of the Peloponnesian War was the dispute over the Corcyraeans. The tensions between the Athenians and Sparta grew. Both were cities in Greece. The Peloponnesian War was a war fought between Sparta and Athens. The History of the Peloponnesian War (Greek: Ἱστορίαι, "Histories") is a historical account of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), which was fought between the Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) and the Delian League (led by Athens).It was written by Thucydides, an Athenian historian who also served as an Athenian general during the war. On the level of international relations, Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war's beginning, was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection, while Sparta was established as the leading power of Greece. The war featured two periods of combat separated by a six-year truce. Other nations were intimidated by the Greeks. The war ended the Golden Age of Athenian Culture and arguably weakened the… [1] Both powers had demonstrated a reluctance for head-on war over matters peripheral to their respective spheres of influence. the other two options go in Effects of the Peloponnesian War 3.A,E 4.A 5.B,C 6.D 7.C Required fields are marked *. Increasingly, the Spartans became very nervous about the growing naval and commercial power of Athens. As soon as the Persians left, the Greeks immediately began to quarrel with each other. Used the Delian League as its own empire. This proved to be a disaster, which led to the loss of an Athenian army and navy. In contrast, Athens encouraged democracy and believed that it was the best form of government. Sparta and Athens were always in disagreement. Thucydides on the plague [2.47.2] In the first days of summer the Spartans and their allies, with two-thirds of their forces as before, invaded Attica, under the command of Archidamus, son of Zeuxidamus, king of Sparta, and sat down and laid waste the country. This course examines the causes of war, with a focus on practical measures to prevent and control war. The Peloponnesian Wars start between Athens (Delian League) and Sparta (Peloponnesian League) effect. In 440 BCE, Corinth urged the Spartans to wage war on Athens simultaneously as Cornith was suppressing a revolt on the island of Samos. What were the long-term effects of the Peloponnesian War on Greece? The Spartans and the Athenians had radically different societies. Sparta soon became very suspicious of Athens's growing power. What was the cause of the Peloponnesian War? What were the causes and effects of the peloponnesian war on the greek city-state The Greek city-states, with ongoing confrontations, became polarised by Athens’ use of the anti-Persian Delian League to further its own interests, prosperity and dominance. [5], The rise of Athens meant that there were two great powers in the Greek world. They will also be able to explain the development of early Greek philosophy. During this period Athens started acquiring a lot of … The dispute over Corcyra was a result of the dispute of the Epidamnus and leads to the dispute of the Potidaea. Athens controlled Greece's coastal areas and the Greek islands, while Sparta, a land power, could control the Peloponnese. The Peloponnesian War: Overview, Outcome, and Effects The Peloponnesian War was a series of battles that were fought between 431-401 B.C.E. Sparta society depended on a servile population. The first phase is known as Archidamian War. Sparta was concerned that if it displayed any weakness that this could lead to its losing its pre-eminent position in the Peloponnese League. The underlying cause of the war was the rapid rise of the Athenians. B. Indeed, this is at the core of Diodorus’ account of the causes of the Peloponnesian War (12.38–41), the main source for which, Diodorus tells us, was the fourth-century historian Ephorus of Cyme (FGH 70 F 196). cause. At first, they resisted the calls of its allied to declare war on its arch-rival. There were three major causes to the Peloponnesian War the first being that after the Persian Wars Athens was threatening Sparta for military dominance, Athens was dominating it's allies and neighboring city states and Sparta insulting Athens during the Helot revolution. Pericles, the Athenian Empire's de-facto leader, argued against such a move as it would only encourage the Spartans to make more demands. There was a truce period of 30 years before the Peloponnesian wars started between Athens and Sparta. It is aligned with National Standards for Social Studies, and it takes approximately 40 minutes of class time to complete. By the end of the lesson, students will be able to describe the causes and effects of the Peloponnesian War. Effect Cause To summarize everything up, Athens The Greek city-states, with ongoing confrontations, became polarised by Athens’ use of the anti-Persian Delian League to further its own interests, prosperity and dominance. What were the causes and effects of the peloponnesian war on the greek city-state, What are the outstanding features of the building Carthage. Your email address will not be published. What event sparked the war between Athens and Sparta? Remarkably, the Athenians continued to fight, and the Spartans needed Persian help to defeat them. They did not get along. Thrace and Athens had a dispute and the Thracians, a Spartan ally, asked the Spartans for assistance. I am not sure if I will be able to find any primary sources but there are a few scholarly resources about the causes of the war. [15] This ideological rivalry between Sparta and Athens did much to increase tensions in the run-up to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War and was a contributing factor. Ancient Greece. Athens's growing ambitions led to tensions with its neighbors and eventually led to war. This was a long drawn out war between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies. For many decades Sparta had been the greatest military power in Greece. It convulsed Greece and changed the course of the Classical world. What was the Spartan Training called the Agoge? The role of women was to produce good soldiers, and men were expected to be brave warriors. According to Thucydides' writings, the early years of the war were a stalemate because the Athenians followed Pericles's cautious strategy.[18]. Athens would never again reach the status of leading city state. Athens' aggressive policies did not help the situation- the city-state's ambitions certainly provoked the Spartans. Thucydides an Athenian aristocrat and veteran of the Peloponnesian War documented the war from the beginning of the conflict in 431 BC to its conclusion in 404 BC. They argued that the Spartans had to attack Athens before it became too powerful. Would you like to get such a paper? Despite their successes, however, the spoils of war caused greater inner conflict within the Hellenic world. Two kings from two royal families ostensibly ruled it. The Spartan Hoplite was considered the best soldiers in the Greek world. The Peloponnesian War was a war fought in ancient Greece between Athens and Sparta—the two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece at the time (431 to 405 B.C.E.). All Greece needed was a spark to start a war. Athens and Sparta went to war in 431 BC. But 27 years! As a result of the allied Greek success, a large contingent of the Persian fleet was destroyed and all Persian garrisons were expelled from Europe, marking an end of Persia’s advance westward into the continent. The fear of Athens increasingly led the Spartans to prepare for war, even though there is no evidence that the Athenians had any designs on Sparta or its allies. Her allies supported Sparta and demanded that Athens withdraw the Megarian Decree, but Athens opposed it. The origins of the Peloponnesian War lay in Greece's victory over the Persian Empire. The causes of the war are that the Athenian Empire upset the Greek world's balance of power. Additionally, Athens and its ambitions caused increasing instability in Greece. The primary combatants in the Peloponnesian War were the city-states of Athens and Sparta and had allies that supported them during the war. The war began in 431 BC and lasted until 404 BC. The history of the Peloponnesian War reveals both the unpredictability of war in general and the particular consequences of the repeated unwillingness of the Athenian assembly to negotiate peace terms with the other side. Sparta was the head of the powerful Peloponnesian League, comprised of several large city-states, including Corinth and Thebes. What were the long-term effects of the Peloponnesian War on Greece? This greatly alarmed Sparta and its allies. [16] Thucydides states that the Corinthians condemned Sparta's lack of action until then and warned them that they had remained too passive for too long. The result of this confrontation was the Peloponnesian War. In order to properly understand the consequences of the Peloponnesian War, the causes and course of the war must be known. The Greek historian Thucydides argued that Sparta's fear of Athens was the ultimate cause of the war. Athens continued the war against Persia, and it formed the Delian League. The Greeks had combined under Sparta and Athens' leadership to defeat the Persians, then the most powerful empire in Asia. Here are 10 interesting facts about the causes, outcome, effects and history of this historic ancient Greek war. Explain the causes and the effects of the peloponnesian war in a pargraph? It is still widely held that in international relations, the growth of a nation-state or empire will inevitably lead to rivalry and war with an established power.[12]. According to Thucydides, the growth of Athens's ‘power and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon (Sparta) made war inevitable. In Donald Kagan’s On the Origins of War and Preservation of Peace, he argues that the causes of all war are sourced from “fear, honor, and interest” (On the Origins 6), and this holds true with the Peloponnesian War. People’s first loyalty was often to their Polis or local city. The Pelopnnesian War weakened the major Greek states and ruined any possibility of cooperation among them. It was an epic and convoluted struggle that pitted Greek against Greek in a battle to the death over differing ideals about freedom and independence/autonomy. The Peloponnesian War changed Greece in every way. [13] The kings shared power with a council of elders (Gerousia). The Peloponnesian War reshaped the Ancient Greek world. They had grown from just another city-state into an Empire. Peloponnesian wars were a result of the lack of understanding between Athens and Sparta. The immediate cause of the Peloponnesian War was Corinthian opportunism. Eventually, war broke out 14 years later between Sparta and Athens in a conflict called the Peloponnesian War. Athens decided to lay siege to the colony. So as you might imagine this made Athens a bit irritated. The Corinthians were not backing down, following the war against the Corcyraeans, Corinthians spent time and money building new ships and trained rowers from the Peloponnese to fight against Corcyra. Thucydides is mistaken in his famous assertion that "[w]hat made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta". The History explains that the primary cause of the Peloponnesian War was the "growth in power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Sparta" (1.23.6). This greatly alarmed Sparta and its allies. The Peloponnesian war began after the Persian Wars ended in 449 BCE. Athens used its superior navy to intimidate its allies, and they eventually became mere tributaries of the Athenians. effect. [9] Additionally, there were those in Athens who believed that war should be welcomed. The Greeks became divided into a Spartan and an Athenian camp. Who was Asclepius: Greek god of medicine? The Peloponnesian War was a war fought in ancient Greece between Athens and Sparta—the two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece at the time (431 to 405 B.C.E.). The Athenian hegemony and naval superiority ended with two sounding defeats in Sicily and Asia Minor. This became known as the Megarian Decree. Nothing was the same after the war, and Athens was never to be as powerful. As a result of the allied Greek success, a large contingent of the Persian fleet was destroyed and all Persian garrisons were expelled from Europe, marking an end of Persia’s advance westward into the continent. Thucydides is on a roll these days. Peloponnesian War refers to the war fought between Athens and Sparta's Peloponnesian League. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. In this vacuum Macedonia siezed the opportunity to establish dominance, impose some peace in the Greek world, and harness its energies to take over the Persian Empire. [11] Some later historians have also argued that war was inevitable between the two greatest Greek powers. The citizens (only free males) could directly vote on the affairs of the city. Later Athens, encouraged by Alcibiades, launched the Sicilian expedition to conquer Sicily during a lull in the fighting, known as the Peace of Nicias. In this Greece learning exercise, students answer six questions about Athens' golden age, then write about the causes and effects of the Peloponnesian War. Peloponnesian War is the name that was given to the conflict between Sparta and Athens. In 431 BCE, the senior Spartan king led an army into the countryside around Athens and laid it waste. Cause The war was between Sparta, and Athens, and the problem started with power. This era constituted the Golden Age of Athens and was concurrent with Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle's lives. Nothing was the same after the war, and Athens was never to be as powerful. Sparta's concerns were not entirely unfounded. When you try to help someone, and are rudely asked to leave, you would probably be offended. Later after the war, Macedonia took used the Greek states weaknesses to their advantage. 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The war ended the Golden Age of Athenian Culture and arguably weakened the Greek world forever. [1] Both powers had demonstrated a reluctance for head-on war over matters peripheral to their respective spheres of influence. The Corcyra never joined the Athenian League or the Spartans, w… [2], Over time the Athenians, who were the largest maritime power in the Aegean, dominated the Delian League. As far as short term causes, most historians agree that the attack on a Theban envoy made by the citizens of Plataea was what finally drove these two city-states to war. The destruction from the Peloponnesian War weakened and divided the Greeks for years to come, eventually allowing the Macedonians an opportunity to conquer them in the mid-4 th century BCE. The League was very concerned about the Athenian fleet because it allowed Athens to dominate Greece's seas. The growth of Athenian imperialism. It had transformed itself during and after the Persian Wars and became a major trading and maritime power. This is a war brought about by disputes between Athens and Sparta on how to deal with their allies. The conflict was a long drawn out war between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies. The two powers struggled to agree on their respective spheres of influence, absent Persia's influence. Get Free Access See Review 1 … Explain the cause and effects of the Persian Wars (121-122). The profound cultural and political differences between the two great Greek powers contributed to the war. Sparta did not join the Delian League and did not become part of the Athenian Empire. Critically examine the origins and consequences of The Peloponnesian War 431-404 B.C Account for the Athenian Defeat The main Peloponnesian War or second Peloponnesian war from 431- 404 B.C was fought between the growing power Athens and the dominating power Sparta.

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