[225][226] President Reagan's Covert Action program has been given credit for assisting in ending the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan,[227] though some of the United States funded armaments introduced then would later pose a threat to U.S. troops in the 2001 War in Afghanistan. "[140], Reagan campaigned vigorously to restore organized prayer to the schools, first as a moment of prayer and later as a moment of silence. [462], On Reagan's 87th birthday in 1998, Washington National Airport was renamed Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport by a bill signed into law by President Bill Clinton. [320], In January 1987, Reagan underwent surgery for an enlarged prostate that caused further worries about his health. ", "OTA Paper 81 – Revenue Effects of Major Tax Bills, rev. In his first term, he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor unions. Reagan had argued that the legislation infringed on states' rights and the rights of churches and business owners. The surgery lasted for more than three hours and was performed under regional anesthesia. [352] Ron would later temper his claims, telling The New York Times he did not believe his father was actually inhibited by Alzheimer’s while in office, only that “the disease was likely present in him”, for years prior to his 1994 diagnoses. "[406] Said Brian Mulroney, former Prime Minister of Canada: "He enters history as a strong and dramatic player [in the Cold War]. On June 3, 2009, Nancy Reagan unveiled a statue of her late husband in the United States Capitol rotunda. He moved to WHO radio in Des Moines as an announcer for Chicago Cubs baseball games. [461] Reagan was also awarded the Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom, the highest honor bestowed by Republican members of the Senate. [412] Republican nominee John McCain frequently said that he came to office as "a foot soldier in the Reagan Revolution". The only execution during Reagan's governorship was on April 12, 1967, when Aaron Mitchell's sentence was carried out by the state in San Quentin's gas chamber. "Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)", https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1552-delahuntyyooexecutive-power-v-international-law, "In Central America, Reagan Remains A Polarizing Figure", "New Evidence of Moscow's Military Threat", "Ronald Reagan, "Evil Empire Speech" (8 March 1983)", "Modern History Sourcebook: Ronald Reagan: Evil Empire Speech, June 8, 1982", "Untangling 5 myths about the Berlin Wall", "In Photos: 25 years ago todaythe Berlin Wall Fell", "Reagan Begins to Wear a Hearing Aid in Public", "Reagan Begins Using A Second Hearing Aid", "What is the 25th Amendment and When Has It Been Invoked? Altman, Lawrence K. “Parsing Ronald Reagan’s Words for Early Signs of Alzheimer’s.” The New York Times. And they knew when a government sets out to do that, it must use force and coercion to achieve its purpose. [301] President Harry S. Truman's policy of containment is also regarded as a force behind the fall of the USSR, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan undermined the Soviet system itself. [78], In his early political career, he joined numerous political committees with a left-wing orientation, such as the American Veterans Committee. [80] In the 1948 presidential election, Reagan strongly supported Harry S. Truman and appeared on stage with him during a campaign speech in Los Angeles. [166][167] TEFRA was the "largest peacetime tax increase in American history". On This Day: President Ronald Reagan dies at age 93 On June 5, 2004, Ronald Reagan, the 40th U.S. president, died at his Los Angeles home at the … [328] Anthony Kennedy was subsequently nominated and confirmed as Powell's successor. Flying shards of glass hit Reagan, but he was not injured. Altman, Lawrence K “When Alzheimer’s Waited Outside The Oval Office”. Reagan's first four years: a new beginning? He then withdrew all the Marines from Lebanon. ", "Balancing the Budget and Politics; More Cancer on Reagan's Nose", "President is Well after Operation to Ease Prostate", "The Nation; Cancer Found on Reagan's Nose", "Statement by Assistant to the President for Press Relations Fitzwater on the President's Hand Surgery", "Chapter 10. [293], Many Central Americans criticize Reagan for his support of the Contras, calling him an anti-communist zealot, blinded to human rights abuses, while others say he "saved Central America". The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library is the repository of presidential records from the administration of Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States, and the burial place of the President and First Lady, Nancy Reagan.It is the largest of the 13 federally operated presidential libraries, containing millions of documents, photographs, films and tapes. [347] At a June 1981 reception for mayors, not long after the assassination attempt, Reagan greeted his Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel Pierce by saying "How are you, Mr. Mayor? [338] Previously, on November 4, 1991, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was dedicated and opened to the public. [32] He became the first U.S. president to open an Olympic Games. This time period emphasized that the conservative "Reagan Revolution", led by Reagan, had a permanent impact on the United States in domestic and foreign policy. [12] Reagan's family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. [231] Reagan believed that this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible. [148] Reagan believed that God had spared his life so that he might go on to fulfill a higher purpose. Stahl claims that she came close to reporting that Reagan was senile, but by the end of the meeting, he had regained his alertness. [301], General Secretary Gorbachev said of his former rival's Cold War role: "[He was] a man who was instrumental in bringing about the end of the Cold War",[403] and deemed him "a great president". At the same time, oil prices in 1985 fell to one third of the previous level; oil was the primary source of Soviet export revenues. [480][481] This would be the second time Quaid portrayed a U.S. ", For the text of the Evil Empire speech see, Mark Atwood Lawrence, "The Era of Epic Summitry.". [123], However, as the GOP convention neared, Ford appeared close to victory. He also strongly advocated the Republican ideal of less government regulation of the economy, including that of undue federal taxation. Nancy Reagan, one of the most high-profile and influential first ladies of the 20th century, has died. [182], Reagan's popularity has increased since 1989. [262][263][264][265] They also claim that AIDS research was chronically underfunded during Reagan's administration, and requests for more funding by doctors at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were routinely denied. The show ran for ten seasons from 1953 to 1962, which increased Reagan's national profile. [90] Speaking for Goldwater, Reagan stressed his belief in the importance of smaller government. September 2006", "Annual Statistical Supplement, 2008 – Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Trust Funds (4.A)", "Don't add Reagan's Face to Mount Rushmore", "Since 1980s, the Kindest of Tax Cuts for the Rich", "Tax Pledge May Scuttle a Deal on Deficit", "Reagan insists Budget Cuts are way to Reduce Deficit", "Ronald Reagan: Presidency, Domestic Policies", "U.S. to Reconsider Denial of Benefits to Many Disabled", "A Bad Response To Post-Katrina Gas Prices", "Historical Perspective: The Windfall Profit Tax—Career of a Concept", "Turning Back the Clock: The Reagan Administration and Civil Rights", "Reagan's Changes On Rights Are Starting To Have An Impact", "Ronald Reagan Address to British Parliament", "Towards an International History of the War in Afghanistan, 1979–89", "Großdemo gegen Nato-Doppelbeschluss, Spiegel on the mass protests against deployment of nuclear weapons in West Germany", "Reagan and Thatcher, political soul mates", Addresses to both Houses of Parliament since 1939, "1983: Korean Airlines flight shot down by Soviet Union", "Anatomy of a Victory: CIA's Covert Afghan War", "Deploy or Perish: SDI and Domestic Politics", From U.S. [196] Reagan described the new debt as the "greatest disappointment" of his presidency. [284][285] The affair became a political scandal in the United States during the 1980s. [7] Although he had planned an active post-presidency, Reagan disclosed in November 1994 that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease earlier that year. [483], c. 1916–17. Now, in laying our leader to rest, we say thank you. First, he labeled the Soviet system an "Evil Empire" and a failure—its demise would be a godsend for the world. In Reagan's campaign, he emphasized two main themes: "to send the welfare bums back to work", and, in reference to burgeoning anti-war and anti-establishment student protests at the University of California, Berkeley, "to clean up the mess at Berkeley". Reagan ended the price controls on domestic oil that had contributed to the energy crises of 1973–74 and the summer of 1979. A seven-day state … The New York Times. [268], Reagan administration officials countered criticisms of neglect by noting that federal funding for AIDS-related programs rose over his presidency, from a few hundred thousand dollars in 1982 to $2.3 billion in 1989. [456] In 1989, Reagan was made an honorary knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, one of the highest British orders. I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life. Reagan saw him as a second father. Major concerns were the bombing of Libya, the Iran–Iraq War, the Iran–Contra affair, and the renewed Cold War. However, Reagan's term came to an end before the executive order could be coordinated and signed, and the incoming Bush administration, labeling Project Socrates as "industrial policy", had it terminated. Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911, in an apartment on the second floor of a commercial building in Tampico, Illinois.He was the younger son of Nelle Clyde (née Wilson) and Jack Reagan. Over six years, Reagan performed 77 rescues. Reagan met actress Nancy Davis (1921–2016)[69][70] in 1949 after she contacted him in his capacity as president of the Screen Actors Guild. [299][300], Reagan appreciated the revolutionary change in the direction of the Soviet policy with Mikhail Gorbachev, and shifted to diplomacy, intending to encourage the Soviet leader to pursue substantial arms agreements. He was reassigned to the First Motion Picture Unit on November 14, 1944, where he remained until the end of World War II. [455] In 1983, he received the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan, the Golden Pheasant Award. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a motivational speaker at General Electric factories. "[144] In 1985, Reagan expressed his disappointment that the Supreme Court ruling still banned a moment of silence for public schools, and said that efforts to reinstitute prayer in public schools were "an uphill battle". [164], Conversely, Congress passed and Reagan signed into law tax increases of some nature in every year from 1981 to 1987 to continue funding such government programs as Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA), Social Security, and the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (DEFRA). [366] Other staff members, former aides, and friends said they saw no indication of Alzheimer's while he was president. [329], Along with his four Supreme Court appointments, Reagan appointed 83 judges to the United States courts of appeals, and 290 judges to the United States district courts. Reagan won over enough conservative Democrats to pass his program through Congress. Reagan's exact role is debated, with many believing that Reagan's defense policies, economic policies, military policies and hard-line rhetoric against the Soviet Union and Communism—together with his summits with General Secretary Gorbachev—played a significant part in ending the Cold War. Ben Linder was murdered by Reagan’s contras on April 28, 1987. Pendleton soon aroused the ire of many civil rights advocates and feminists when he ridiculed the comparable worth proposal as being "Looney Tunes". He was 100. [112][113], Despite an unsuccessful attempt to force a recall election on Reagan in 1968,[114] he was re-elected governor in 1970, defeating Jesse M. Unruh. The net result was the removal of six million poor Americans from the income tax roll and a reduction of income tax liability at all income levels. [207], Reagan escalated the Cold War, accelerating a reversal from the policy of détente that began during the Carter administration, following the Afghan Saur Revolution and subsequent Soviet invasion. This figure equaled the approval rating of Franklin D. Roosevelt (and was later matched by Bill Clinton), as the highest rating for a departing president in the modern era. And because of his leadership, the world laid to rest an era of fear and tyranny. [295], Until the early 1980s, the United States had relied on the qualitative superiority of its weapons to essentially frighten the Soviets, but the gap had been narrowed. [272] This policy, however, engendered much public criticism and renewed calls for the imposition of stringent sanctions. Ronald Wilson Reagan (/ˈreɪɡən/ RAY-gən; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and became a highly influential voice of modern conservatism. [450] On the evening of the disaster, Reagan addressed the nation saying, The future doesn't belong to the fainthearted; it belongs to the brave ... We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye and "slipped the surly bonds of Earth" to "touch the face of God". President Ronald Reagan was a strong advocate of the death penalty as demonstrated early on during his first term as California’s governor when he refused to grant clemency to a man on death row in 1967. Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin, French President Jacques Chirac, Russian President Vladimir Putin, Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern, also president of the European Union, and Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi also paid their respects to Reagan. [322], On January 7, 1989, Reagan underwent surgery at Walter Reed Army Medical Center to repair a Dupuytren's contracture of the ring finger of his left hand. [282], Reagan signed the Immigration Reform and Control Act in 1986. "—later used as the title of his 1965 autobiography. [298], Meanwhile, Reagan escalated the rhetoric. [359] John E. Hutton, who served from 1985 to 1989, said the president "absolutely" did not "show any signs of dementia or Alzheimer's". [149], In August 1981, PATCO, the union of federal air traffic controllers, went on strike, violating a federal law prohibiting government unions from striking. He pled guilty to a misdemeanor federal charge of interfering with the Secret Service, but other felony charges of assault and resisting officers were dropped.[336]. [1] On June 7, Reagan's casket was taken by a hearse. On the same day, President George W. Bush declared a national day of mourning. [266][267], By the time President Reagan gave his first prepared speech on the epidemic, six years into his presidency, 36,058 Americans had been diagnosed with AIDS, and 20,849 had died of it. [10] He also stated that she strongly influenced his own beliefs: "I know that she planted that faith very deeply in me. [59] In his final work as a professional actor, Reagan was a host and performer from 1964 to 1965 on the television series Death Valley Days. "[87][88] Other Democratic initiatives he opposed in the 1960s included the Food Stamp Program, raising the minimum wage, and the establishment of the Peace Corps. [56], Further, when asked whether he was aware of Communist efforts within the Screen Writers Guild, Reagan would not play along, saying, "Sir, like the other gentlemen, I must say that that is hearsay. [411] His policies and beliefs have been frequently invoked by Republican presidential candidates since 1988. Lori Clune, "Political Ideology and Activism to 1966" in Andrew L. Johns, ed., Ronald Reagan speaks out on Socialized Medicine – Audio, Reagan, Ronald. [346] But there was also speculation over how long Reagan had demonstrated symptoms of mental degeneration. Much of the credit for that victory came from the work of three co-chairmen, including Ernest Angelo, the mayor of Midland, and Ray Barnhart of Houston, whom Reagan as president would appoint in 1981 as director of the Federal Highway Administration. The New York Times (February 22, 2011) www.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/health/views/22reagan.html. [363], As the years went on, the disease slowly destroyed Reagan's mental capacity. [413] Reagan's most famous statement regarding the role of smaller government was that "Government is not a solution to our problem, government is the problem. Afterward, Reagan reiterated that his administration and "all America" opposed apartheid, and said, "the debate ... was not whether or not to oppose apartheid but, instead, how best to oppose it and how best to bring freedom to that troubled country." They announced their engagement at the Chicago Theatre[62] and married on January 26, 1940, at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather church in Glendale, California. I wasn't a great communicator, but I communicated great things. Reagan won North Carolina, Texas, and California, but the strategy failed, as[121] he ended up losing New Hampshire, Florida, and his native Illinois. [415], The period of American history most dominated by Reagan and his policies that concerned taxes, welfare, defense, the federal judiciary and the Cold War is known today as the Reagan Era. Even so, he was uncomfortable with the way the SAG was being used by the government, asking during one FBI interview, "Do they (ie. On May 15, 1969, during the People's Park protests at the university's campus (the original purpose of which was to discuss the Arab–Israeli conflict), Reagan sent the California Highway Patrol and other officers to quell the protests. Reagan said that if his listeners did not write letters to prevent it, "we will awake to find that we have socialism. They can't sustain military production the way we can. His specialty was creating play-by-play accounts of games using only basic descriptions that the station received by wire as the games were in progress. The survey of leading historians rated Reagan number 11 in 2000. Although unsuccessful with that, the administration was successful in providing nonmilitary assistance such as USAID. [364] Dr. Lawrence Altman of The New York Times, while noting that "the line between mere forgetfulness and the beginning of Alzheimer's can be fuzzy",[365] upon reviewing Reagan’s medical records and interviewing his doctors agreed that no signs of dementia were appear to have been present while he was in office. These factors contributed to a stagnant Soviet economy during Mikhail Gorbachev's tenure. [215] In a famous address on June 8, 1982, to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in the Royal Gallery of the Palace of Westminster, Reagan said, "the march of freedom and democracy will leave Marxism-Leninism on the ash heap of history. March 3, 1987. [219], After Soviet fighters downed Korean Air Lines Flight 007 near Moneron Island on September 1, 1983, carrying 269 people, including Georgia congressman Larry McDonald, Reagan labeled the act a "massacre" and declared that the Soviets had turned "against the world and the moral precepts which guide human relations among people everywhere". A seven-day state funeral for Reagan was held shortly after his death.[1]. To ensure that the United States acquired the maximum benefit from automated innovation, Reagan, during his second term, had an executive order drafted to create a new federal agency to implement the Project Socrates results on a nationwide basis. When Reagan left office in 1989, a CBS poll indicated that he held an approval rating of 68 percent. [85] He often said, "I didn't leave the Democratic Party. "[435] His age and soft-spoken speech gave him a warm grandfatherly image. "[218] In a speech to the National Association of Evangelicals on March 8, 1983, Reagan called the Soviet Union "an evil empire". [458] In 1990, Reagan was awarded the WPPAC's Top Honor Prize because he signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with H.E. [50], In 1946, Reagan served on the national board of directors for the Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (ICCASP) and had been a member of its Hollywood chapter (HICCASP). [105] The Guard remained in Berkeley for 17 days, camping in People's Park, and demonstrations subsided as the university removed cordoned-off fencing and placed all development plans for People's Park on hold. Using media credentials, Springer intended to announce government plans for an underground nuclear weapons test in the Nevada desert the following day. In 1980, Reagan won the Republican presidential nomination and defeated the incumbent president, Jimmy Carter. [152] A leading reference work on public administration concluded, "The firing of PATCO employees not only demonstrated a clear resolve by the president to take control of the bureaucracy, but it also sent a clear message to the private sector that unions no longer needed to be feared. [27] He attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader. [304], Speaking at the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev to go further, saying "General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization, come here to this gate! [8] After his election as president, Reagan lived in the upstairs White House private quarters, and he would quip that he was "living above the store again".[14]. When Chief Justice Warren E. Burger retired in September 1986, Reagan nominated incumbent Associate Justice William Rehnquist to succeed Burger as Chief Justice (the appointment of an incumbent associate justice as chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process). Critics labeled this "trickle-down economics"—the belief that tax policies that benefit the wealthy will create a "trickle-down" effect reaching the poor. [325] Reagan's final opportunity to fill a vacancy arose in mid-1987 when Associate Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr. announced his intention to retire. Reagan was raised in a low-income family in small towns of northern Illinois. This poll of British specialists in U.S. history and politics placed Reagan as the eighth-greatest U.S. [32] His contract required him to tour General Electric (GE) plants 16 weeks out of the year, which often demanded that he give 14 talks per day. [280] The president addressed the nation from the Oval Office after the attacks had commenced, stating, "When our citizens are attacked or abused anywhere in the world on the direct orders of hostile regimes, we will respond so long as I'm in this office. He died at home on June 5, 2004. His relaxed and confident appearance during the televised Reagan–Carter debate on October 28 boosted his popularity and helped to widen his lead in the polls. Only two U.S. presidents have received this honor since attaining office: Reagan and George H. W. Bush;[457] Dwight D. Eisenhower received his before becoming president in his capacity as a general after World War II. The statue represents the state of California in the National Statuary Hall Collection. [473] In 2010, Schwarzenegger signed Senate Bill 944, authored by Senator George Runner, to make every February 6 Ronald Reagan Day in California.[474]. Reagan was also named an honorary Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. Five presidents and six first ladies attended the dedication ceremonies, marking the first time that five presidents were gathered in the same location. He chose not to seek a third term in the following election cycle. They have thrown everything into military production, and their society is starting to show terrible stress as a result. Immediately on taking office as president, Reagan began implementing sweeping new political and economic initiatives. 1945). [110] About two million abortions would be performed as a result, mostly because of a provision in the bill allowing abortions for the well-being of the mother. [159][160] He also supported returning the United States to some sort of gold standard and successfully urged Congress to establish the U.S. Gold Commission to study how one could be implemented. [479], In November 2018, a feature film named Reagan received funding from TriStar Global Entertainment with Dennis Quaid portraying Reagan. [410] More men voted Republican under Reagan, and Reagan tapped into religious voters. [233] The administration was also heavily criticized for backing anti-communist leaders accused of severe human rights violations, such as Hissène Habré of Chad[236] and Efraín Ríos Montt of Guatemala. [319] In October, more skin cancer cells were detected on his nose and removed. As president of the Screen Actors Guild, Reagan worked to root out alleged communist influence. Finally, displaying his characteristic optimism, he praised liberal democracy and promised that such a system eventually would triumph over Soviet communism. [326] That October, after a contentious Senate debate, the nomination was rejected by a roll call vote of 42–58. [126], The 1980 presidential election featured Reagan against incumbent president Jimmy Carter and was conducted amid a multitude of domestic concerns as well as the ongoing Iran hostage crisis. [428][429] While the debate about Reagan's legacy is ongoing, the 2009 Annual C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leaders ranked Reagan the tenth-greatest president. [165] The 1981 tax act also required that exemptions and brackets be indexed for inflation starting in 1985. [230][232] There was much disbelief surrounding the program's scientific feasibility, leading opponents to dub SDI "Star Wars" and argue that its technological objective was unattainable. Boulware, known for his tough stance against unions and his innovative strategies to win over workers, championed the core tenets of modern American conservatism: free markets, anticommunism, lower taxes, and limited government. [249] In terms of electoral votes, this was the second-most-lopsided presidential election in modern U.S. history; Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1936 victory over Alf Landon, in which he won 98.5 percent or 523 of the then-total 531 electoral votes, ranks first. [122] The Texas campaign lent renewed hope to Reagan when he swept all 96 delegates chosen in the May 1 primary, with four more awaiting at the state convention. In December 1945, he was stopped from leading an anti-nuclear rally in Hollywood by pressure from the Warner Bros. studio. Regarding a "jurisdictional strike" going on for seven months at that time, Reagan testified: The first time that this word "Communist" was ever injected into any of the meetings concerning the strike was at a meeting in Chicago with Mr. William Hutchinson, president of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, who were on strike at the time. [422][423] Reagan's "avuncular style, optimism, and plain-folks demeanor" also helped him turn "government-bashing into an art form". His popular vote margin of victory—nearly 16.9 million votes (54.4 million for Reagan to 37.5 million for Mondale)[251][252]—was exceeded only by Richard Nixon in his 1972 victory over George McGovern.

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