Our mission is to create close comradeship, to advance educational, social and philanthropic interests and leadership training; Chartered in 2012, our bonds are ever loyal and ever lasting. The chapter count began to grow over the next four years with the reinstatement of three chapters (Alpha Beta, Alpha Xi, Alpha Zeta), until in 1981 NPC notified Theta Phi Alpha they were placed in Associate Member Status due to low chapter count. A chapter is a local Theta Phi Alpha organization at a single college or university. The organization is involved in the philanthropies Glenmary Home Missioners and The House that Theta Phi Alpha Built which help the homeless and underprivileged, specifically in the Appalachian Mountain region, and Camp Friendship, a summer camp in northeast Mississippi for children from disadvantaged and low-income homes. Raised . Theta Phi has alumnae clubs and associations in almost every major city. Phi Alpha Theta at Yale is an undergraduate honor society whose purpose is to promote the study of history. [1]:207 Theta Phi Alpha sponsors the camp, in addition, donating clothing, toiletries, and arts and crafts supplies. "Theta Phi Alphas are charged with the responsibility for caring for and making a commitment to those who are less fortunate than ourselves. Theta Phi Alpha is a philanthropic organization that bases it’s membership on the values of justice, loyalty, and truth. In 1968, Theta Phi opened its doors to women of all faith and replaced the crucifix used in ritual to a cross. Raised . About Theta Phi Alpha: Official Colors: silver, gold, and blue. 1,290 Followers, 876 Following, 581 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from THETA PHI ALPHA (@mcthetaphi) In 1998, the majority of chapters fell below minimum chapter size, were in violation of hazing or alcohol policy or did not meet financial obligations. [1]:56 The standards for new members were focused on new member education through the development of a program called My Sister, My Friend. [3] Today, Theta Phi Alpha has 59 active chapters across the United States. In support of The House Theta Phi Alpha Built. The Fraternity had until 1987 to obtain 14 active chapters, the youngest had to be two years active. Theta Phi Alpha - Zeta Chapter . Many specific charitable efforts fall under The House That Theta Phi Alpha built, such promoting literacy, serving dinners, and running errands for the elderly.[1]:207. Three of the trustees must have been previous National Officers. The discussion was tabled during convention but it was decided that the cross would have a less prominent role in ritual[1]:55 In 1990, Theta Phi Alpha surveyed the sisters about the Catholic influences in the ritual. Theta Phi Cutie Pie. [7] Pi Lambda Sigma at the time of merger had four chapters which joined Theta Phi Alpha: their chapters at Boston University and University of Cincinnati merged with the Theta Phi Alpha chapters present there; the chapter at Creighton University became Chi chapter of Theta Phi Alpha; and the one at Quincy College became Psi chapter. The sorority symbol, a compass, represents direction, and its flower is a white rose, while the mascot is a penguin. The Board of Trustees advises on National Policy, coordinates the awards and elections program as well as oversee the selection of the Siena Medal, as well as appoint the other national officers. Its members include upper-division undergraduates, graduate students, and professors. The mission of Theta Phi Alpha encompasses far more than providing a social network for college women. That holds our course firm and secure, Thereafter, there are no annual dues or fees. This is the creed of loyal Theta Phis” Sign up here to subscribe to the monthly National Newsletter.. https://www.facebook.com/ThetaPhiAlphaFraternity/, https://www.instagram.com/thetaphialpha_national/, COVID-19 Updates and Member Support Resources, Theta Phi Alpha Offers Members New Career Resource, Announcing the Installation of Delta Omicron Chapter. 245 waren hier. The goal of this resources page is to continue to fulfill our Theta Phi Alpha mission to advance the educational and social interests of our members. 100% . Address. We are true friends who recognize the beauty in diversity and cherish the unique things that make us strong and talented women. Chapters are named with Greek letters in order of their date of installation, with the first chapter the Alpha chapter. The fraternity also created Leadership Consultants to advise chapters throughout the country. A lot has happened since then. Many do.[15]. Theta Phi Alpha is a national women's social fraternity, and is a member of the National Panhellenic Conference. [21] The Grand Council is composed of 7 officers who are elected at the National Convention. Theta Phi Alpha. 1:00 PM . Through these activities, the organization supports historical inquiry, research, publication, good teaching, and the exchange of ideas among … The Guard of Honor is the highest award the Fraternity can give to a member. - St. Catherine of Siena. Check here for the latest news, events, and photos! In 2010, a national songbook was developed and a CD with the songs called Everlasting Melodies were given out as grab bag gifts at the National Convention.[1]:64. Nothing great is ever achieved without much enduring. The badge is to be worn with 'badge attire' which is similar to business attire. Home. She was also President of St. Mary's College and President of the, Acted as the chairman of the Motion Picture Department of the, Founder of the Committee to Halt Useless College Killings after the death of her son. "[14], While the Theta Phi Alpha Foundation oversees national philanthropic causes, each chapter may also support additional philanthropic causes. The National President's Badge, worn by the National President during her term in office, is similar to the official badge but with the Theta set with diamonds, mounted on a wreath of gold. The women of Theta Phi Alpha hold fundraisers such as Pie a Theta Phi and Tie Dye with Theta Phi, which are held in the Peace Quad on Loyola's campus. Read more about Theta Phi Alpha Now. Went inactive after 1991. Theta Phi Alpha's official colors are blue, gold, and silver. Wisdom in each deed and plan, Sign up here to subscribe to the monthly National Newsletter. [18] The umbrella term allows sisters to identify the issues in their individual communities. [22], The National Presidents of Theta Phi Alpha are:[23]. Official Symbol: the compass. It has given me confidence and people who believed in me when I didn’t believe in myself. - Kappa Delta, North American fraternity and sorority housing, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theta_Phi_Alpha&oldid=1002752116, Fraternities and sororities in the United States, Student organizations established in 1912, Women's organizations based in the United States, Articles with dead external links from March 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Beta Beta Chapter of Theta Phi Alpha. In support of the Theta Phi Alpha Foundation, Halifax Humane Society, and the Palmetto House. [1]:58 This sparked establishment of many programs such as Compass Point and Reflections to help chapters grow and look at chapter life. In support of The House Theta Phi Alpha Built. 108 . This is the creed that in us lies, However, Theta Phi Alpha has slowly removed religious aspects, in 1990 the Lord's Prayer was removed from the ritual. Placed on probation by Theta Phi Alpha in 2007: Alpha Psi University of Dayton: Ohio January 17, 1987: 1987- Active Alpha Omega University of Wisconsin-Platteville: Wisconsin (Platteville) May 1, 1987: 1987-2006;2014- Active Founded as Delta Gamma Phi in 1966. Each member has the responsibility to see that her family knows of these alternatives, and should arrange to have one or the other followed at her death. [29][30], The past recipients of the Siena Medal are:[31], Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 16th Edition (1957), p.499, List of Theta Phi Alpha National Conventions, American Association of University Professors, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, American Catholic Philosophical Association, International Federation of Catholic Alumnae, Summer Schools for the Christian Apostolate, List of social fraternities and sororities, Theta Phi Alpha University of Michigan Founding, 8/30/1912 + Bishop Kelly + 10 Founders = Happy 102 Years Theta Phi Alpha! Founder of the Libri Foundation, an organization that provided children's books to rural libraries. 5:00 PM . Donors . 133 . Choose from 500 different sets of theta phi alpha flashcards on Quizlet. Theta Phi Cutie Pie . That knows no end not even death, Theta Phi Cutie Pie. About Us. [1]:193, The Siena Medal is an award given by Theta Phi Alpha. Honor valued over wealth, The silver for a precious faith, The Theta Phi Alpha National Newsletter is emailed once a month to share with sisters the latest Theta Phi Alpha news headlines, stories, events, and achievements. Theta Phi Alpha joined the NPC in 1951 along with ten other national sororities in the NPC's most recent expansion. The member portal is made possible through a collaboration of Theta Phi Alpha and the Theta Phi Alpha Foundation. Theta Phi Alpha is pleased to welcome our newest chapter, Delta Omicron, at Southern New Hampshire University in Manchester, New Hampshire! Loyalty to every friend, But it was also an ugly and unmistakable reflection of the systemic racism that plagues our society and deeply harms people of color every single day. Theta Phi Alpha (ΘΦΑ), commonly known as Theta Phi, is a women's fraternity founded at the University of Michigan – Ann Arbor on August 30, 1912. Truth to God and truth to self, This also hindered the organization from acting as Vice Chairman the following two years, and finally Chairman. The group aims to bring together students, teachers, and writers of history for a wide variety of intellectual and social exchanges during the academic year. 9:00 AM . Sisters of Theta Phi Alpha assist Camp Friendship with financial donations, supplies and as volunteers at the camp. The bottom beam is pointed and longer than the others, while a cloak-like blue and gold arch covers the top. Father Edward D. Kelly contacted Amelia McSweeney to discuss the possibility of a new organization. Theta Phi Alpha is excited to offer members access to Scholars, a new career resource that connects students and recent graduates with internship opportunities and corporate contacts. By the Spring of 1912, Omega Upsilon was failing financially and membership was low. This goal permits all Theta Phi Alphas to help those in need in their own community, while remaining united in aim and purpose. Theta Phi has alumnae clubs and associations in almost every major city. [1]:60 At this time, the fraternity was also looking to honor its history as a singing fraternity. Mother who shared the story of her daughter's rape and subsequent suicide with college students. Amelia and other alumnae of Omega Upsilon began actively to redesign the failing organization. The House That Theta Phi Alpha Built is Theta Phi Alpha's newest philanthropic cause, established in 1993. We are leaders with bold hearts and a desire to spark change in areas in which we are most passionate. Learn theta phi alpha with free interactive flashcards. Theta Phi Alpha is a national women’s social fraternity, and is a member of the National Panhellenic Conference [4], Father Edward D. Kelly (later bishop), a pastor of the student chapel at the University of Michigan saw a need for Catholic women to have a place to go for socialization and friendship. Official Colors: … 473 were here. Once these requirements are fulfilled, the emerging chapter goes through Chapter Installation where the emerging chapter new members become fully initiated members of Theta Phi Alpha. Because of the deep respect and reverence for Saint Catherine, her feast day, April 30, is used to celebrate the fraternity's founding because the original date, August 30, frequently does not fall within the academic year at most universities. Official Mascot: the penguin Local philanthropy: Making Strides Against Breast Cancer (The American Cancer Society) National Philanthropies: The House that Theta Phi Alpha Built. The following year a GPA minimum and value based recruitment system were put in place as a way to strengthen chapter membership. Donors . 100%. [28] Another award, the Senior Service Award, is given on Founders' Day to a collegiate senior whose scholarship, leadership, character, and service to fraternity and school have been commendable. [1]:55 In 1993, a national risk management and chapter operation manual were created. Essayist known for contemporary commentary. The supreme governing body of Theta Phi Alpha is the National Convention which happens once every other year. The coat of arms is an azure crest with a diagonal band between a cross with two beams on each arm and top, bearing a Tudor rose with black seeds and gold. The women of Theta Phi Alpha share a common purpose. The Fraternity badge is to be worn over the heart and is always placed above any other piece of jewelry. [13], The Theta Phi Alpha Foundation oversees the organization's philanthropic causes. The most positive response was to adjust the ritual to match the current views of the national fraternity, while the most negative response was to remove all references to God in the ritual. Over the esquire's helmet, the crest has an open book with a silver and gold edge. The first initiation of Theta Phi Alpha was held on November 16, 1912 for the new sisters Kathlyn Holmes and Marie Sullivan. [1]:57, Other efforts were made to create a new national identity during this time. Welcome to Alpha Phi at CNU Theta Phi is home to nearly 120 bright and beautiful members who strive for excellence in everything they do. The Grand Council Badge, worn by each member of The Grand Council (other than the National President), is the official badge set with alternating diamonds and sapphires and a diamond in the center, mounted on a wreath of gold, and is worn accompanied by a guard. Theta Phi Alpha was founded at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in 1912. In 2003, a fine was instated for chapters with a number of girls under the campus total number of girls possible to recruit. We know it's been an incredibly tough week for so many of you after witnessing the greatest domestic assault on our democracy since the Civil War. Ever Loyal, Ever Lasting! Alpha Tau. The sapphire blue for loyalty, The New Member pin is a square badge in black enamel with a gold compass in the center, and a gold border. [9], “Justice to each fellow man, By founding this new sorority, Catholic women had sorority life opened to them.[6]. Theta Phi Alpha has given me friends I can count on, a little who I’m proud of everyday, sisters to study abroad and go on adventures with, endless jokes and laughs, and friends to share my Friday nights with but also my Wednesday mornings studying with. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. Theta Phi Alpha's national philanthropic causes that we support are: Glenmary Home Missioners, The House That Theta Phi Alpha Built, and Camp Friendship.We have also recently adopted a local philanthropy: The Wounded Warrior Project! In spite of this setback, Theta Phi Alpha was committed to expansion. Camp Friendship. The creed of loyal Theta Phis". [22] The National President serves as an ex-officio member. The vision of the Theta Phi Alpha Foundation is stated as one of "ever loyal commitment, everlasting support. Phi Chapter Heritage. This controversial fine was created with the intention of keeping chapters active in recruitment. Facebook: Theta Phi Alpha at Indiana University . Theta Alpha Phi National Theatre Honors Fraternity (ΘΑΦ) is an American recognition honor society that accepts members who achieve excellence in the art of theatre. $3,767 . Looking into the new millennium, the conversation on a National level turned to the role of religion in ritual. The motto, Theta Phi Alpha in Greek lettering, is written in upper and lower case on the blue banner on the bottom of the crest. Advocate in her field of manic depression illness. Phi Alpha Theta is the national honor society for history. $4,027 . FOLLOW US . The partnership began when sisters assisted in building a seminary for the missioners. $4,027 . [6] Plans for the coming school year were completed on August 30, 1912, and Theta Phi Alpha began operation on the campus of the University of Michigan. 100%. The National Convention is held in even numbered years while a complementary Leadership Conference is held in odd-numbered years. Official Jewels: the sapphire and the pearl. Chapters may seek to provide assistance to organizations that help the homeless, shelters, home building or neighborhood revitalization projects. The Grand Council manages the affairs of the Fraternity between Conventions by holding four meetings a year. Each sister brings something unique to the table, and together we are bonded by Alpha Phi’s ideals and sisterhood. The Beta Lambda Chapter of Theta Phi Alpha was founded in 1991 and reinstated at the University of Michigan - Flint on May 2nd, 2009. These awards are given out at National Conventions. Gamma Rho. 133 . The Badge is a gold letter "Theta" set with pearls, superimposed upon plain gold letters "Phi" and "Alpha." Raised . [19], As of January 25, 2021, there are three Theta Phi Alpha Emerging Chapters:[20]. They are the sole property and responsibility of Theta Phi Omega Chapter who hosts and maintains this web site. 108 . For more than 100 years, the sisters of Theta Phi Alpha have maintained a history rich in educational excellence, professional achievement, and a deep commitment to social service. Guards, to be worn by current and former members of The Grand Council, exemplify the Fraternity's Coat of Arms set with a sapphire on each side. [11] The member is awarded a guard pin with a Tudor rose in gold, with a sapphire center for her lifelong contributions to the Fraternity. In support of the Theta Phi Alpha Foundation, Halifax Humane Society, and the Palmetto House. As of 2014, only 78 guard of honor pins have been honored. "The white rose for its purity, Theta Phi Cutie Pie. " Theta Phi Alpha & the Greek community mean so much to me. The medal is the highest honor the organization bestows upon a non-member and is named after Saint Catherine of Siena. The Gamma Chi chapter of Theta Phi Alpha at Stevens Institute of Technology. The badge of Theta Phi Alpha is worn only by initiated members and is at once a means of identification and a source of pride to the wearer. Due to its associate status and financial strain, Theta Phi Alpha gave up their spot as NPC treasurer in rotation for NPC Chairmanship. Once established, an emerging chapter is expected to fulfill nineteen requirements or "pearls." Theta Phi Alpha continued to grow, especially after the merger with another Catholic social women's fraternity, Pi Lambda Sigma, in 1952. Although Theta Phi Alpha began as a sorority for Catholic women, the organization opened its doors to all women in 1968. The Founders Foundation, which assists sisters by providing resources for scholarship, philanthropy, and education through charitable giving. of Theta Phi Alpha and the Theta Phi Alpha Foundation. Did you know that the Phi Chapter of Kappa Alpha Theta was installed at University of the Pacific on April 4, 1889? It is our hope that members will use these resources for their … Donors . The fraternity began to develop programs to increase the leadership abilities of each chapter. Over the following six years the sorority gained 11 chapters, and was granted full membership status in NPC in 1987. Throughout the summer of 1912, the ten founders prepared for the new organization. Faith that sorrow can transcend. Similar to the National President's Badge, but with the Theta set with sapphires. Members who wish to continue supporting the honor … It was founded in 1921 at the University of Arkansas and has grown now to include 830 chapters at distinguished colleges and universities across the country. Phi Alpha Theta is an academic honor society for colleges and universities whose mission is to promote the study of History through the encouragement of research, good teaching, publication and the exchange of learning and ideas among Historians. [16] Glenmary's work is in depressed, rural areas of the United States, primarily in the Appalachian Mountains, where they distribute food, clothing, and books to needy persons, and assist in providing medical care, job training and tutoring. These efforts included instating the leadership conference in 1991 as well as developing standards for sisters as well as new members. Theta Phi Alpha Foundation provides resources for Theta Phi Alpha sisters for scholarship, philanthropy, community service, and education through charitable giving. Located on the University of Nebraska-Lincoln campus, the Mu chapter of Theta Phi Alpha celebrates a rich history of tradition, loyalty and sisterhood! The society has over 350,000 members, with about 9,500 new members joining each year through 860 local chapters. This is the creed that in us lies, We are a diverse group of women, and we are involved with many things on campus including IU Dance Marathon, RSO, IUSTV, the Hoosierettes, Student Ambassadors, Royal Encounters, and Women in Business Technology. In 1988, there was discussion of removing the cross in ritual. The sisterhood I am able to be a part of, the leadership opportunities I have been able to experience, and the memories I have made will stay with me for a lifetime. [3], On June 28, 1952, Theta Phi Alpha absorbed Pi Lambda Sigma, the only other national Catholic women's fraternity. This dissonance between the sisters is still discussed today. During the first week, Theta Phi Alpha received its first new member, Kathlyn Holmes. This award is a silver loving cup crowned with the Lady of Victory. The Mission of Theta Phi Alpha is to create close comradeship, to advance educational, social and philanthropic interests and leadership training; to encourage spiritual development and adherence to the highest moral standards; and to promote lifelong bonds of friendship. Whether we are studying on campus together, laughing at a sisterhood event, or raising money for women’s heart health, our chapter loves to spend time with one … [1]:191 An outstanding alumnae association may win a Diamond Jubilee Award for excellence in membership, financial management, program planning and other criteria. During this time there was also an interest to strengthen existing chapters, now that the fraternity was in good standings with NPC. Alpha Tau. Our founders believed that that there should be some kind of home life provided for the young Catholic women who attended the University and they realized that a sorority offered such society, friendship, and atmosphere. Chapters must submit an application to apply for this award based on campus involvement, community service, national organization contributions and others. [4] The Siena Medal, awarded by the fraternity, is the highest award given to a non-member of Theta Phi Alpha. Theta Phi Alpha recognizes Saint Catherine of Siena as its patroness. Two years after this consideration, only ten chapters (Epsilon, Kappa, Sigma, Upsilon, Chi, Alpha Gamma, Alpha Epsilon, Alpha Iota, and newly installed Alpha Mu (Northern Kentucky University) and Alpha Nu (General Motors Institute)) were represented at convention. Members gather for various activities periodically during the academic year. The common goal through "The House" is to improve the plight of the homeless in any way. In 1992, the Theta Phi Alpha Prayer was removed[1]:56and the following year a less religious ritual for deceased members and a nonreligious national philanthropy, The House that Theta Phi Alpha Built were introduced. This chapter count was well below the required number for membership in NPC. Contact Information . Learn More! Inspired designs on t-shirts, posters, stickers, home decor, and more by independent artists and designers from around the world. Website last updated October 7, 2019 Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated is not responsible for the design and content of these web pages. An emerging chapter is a group of women working together to complete the requirements to become a chapter of Theta Phi Alpha. Each chapter, however, may levy whatever dues or fees it deems necessary to promote its own local activities. Welcome to Theta Phi Alpha's official page! The Sorority initiated the National President of Pi Lambda Sigma at the 1952 convention and welcomed all Pi Lambda Sigma sisters to become Theta Phi Alpha sisters.[1]:60[1]:67[8]. She held the position of President for the, 1925–1951 United States Congresswoman from New Jersey; chairman of the House Committee on Labor, She was an educator, poet and author. These women collectively selected the Fraternity's flower, jewels and colors. This book is imprinted with two blue fleur-de-lis. Collegiate chapters may win the Circle of Excellence Award, and award established in 2008 to recognize outstanding collegiate chapters. Back Row – John David, Ron Henegan, Lynn Jackson (visiting brother) John Henegan, Ronnie Moore, Herbert Gould. 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway . [2] Theta Phi Alpha is one of 26 national sororities recognized in the National Panhellenic Conference. In 1969, Theta Phi Alpha hit a chapter count of 18 with the loss of Rho at Penn State. Dayton, OH 45435 . Theta Phi Alpha is a national women’s social fraternity, and is a member of the National Panhellenic Conference.The mission of Theta Phi Alpha encompasses far more than providing a social network for college women. Twitter: @iuthetaphi About. Apr 13 . Activist for sexual predator legislation and the, This page was last edited on 25 January 2021, at 22:12. Several women students were originally very interested in joining, partly because Catholics were not always welcome in the other Greek-letter sororities on campus. The compass for its needle sure, Theta Phi Alpha nationally adopted Glenmary Home Missioners as its philanthropy in 1959. Upon death of a member, her badge is either sent to the Fraternity's archives or buried with her. The founders of Theta Phi Alpha are eight alumnae of the University and two undergraduates. U.S. Paralympic team gold medalist and world record holder for swimming. After a serious accident, Susan went on to become a soprano soloist and top conductor. The Chapter President's Badge, purchased by a chapter and worn by its president during her term. As of November 15, 2020, Theta Phi Alpha had 59 active collegiate chapters as well as 37 alumnae associations and clubs across the United States. Theta Phi turned TCNJ into a home for me and my sisters turned into my family." - Focus on Fraternity History & More, "Civilization Can Be Saved, Students Told", "Theta Phi Alpha Foundation – Vision – Mission", "Theta Phi Alpha – Philanthropy Community Service", "Theta Phi Alpha – For starting a Chapter", Theta Phi Alpha announces 2014–2016 Leadership, "Theta Phi Alpha – Past National Presidents", "Our Founder – National Christ Child Society", "National Women's Council Plans Annual Convention Next Month", "Bedridden Jounrnalist to Receive Catholic Sorority's Siena Medal", Real Voices: Kristin’s Story and Katie’s Journey, University of South Florida Health Pediatrics – Pediatric News – Volume 4, Issue 4 – April 2008, Making Great Things Happen: Trick-or-Teeth! Theta Phi Alpha is one of 26 national sororities recognized in the National Panhellenic Conference. Apr 13 . Our mission is to create close comradeship, to advance educational, social and philanthropic interests and leadership training; to encourage spiritual development and adherence to the highest moral standards; and to promote lifelong bonds of friendship. [5] From this need, he started the women's fraternity Omega Upsilon in 1909 for Catholic women. Blue represents the bond between sisters, while silver and gold represent endless faith. [17] Sisters of Theta Phi Alpha may also serve two weeks helping run the camp, offsetting costs that allow participation by children who otherwise may not be able to afford the program. $3,767 . A complete list of honorees can be found on the Theta Phi Alpha website. Theta Phi Alpha was founded on Loyola's campus in 1959, making it the oldest sorority on campus. The fraternity also began to look at risk management with regards to hazing and alcohol abuse in 1987. In 2003, the logo and tagline were developed. Glenmary Home Missionaries. 12:00 PM . Raised . The National Office is composed of the National Office Staff, the Grand Council, the Board of Trustees, and Appointed National Officers. Theta Phi Alpha was born out of the demise of a local Catholic sorority, Omega Upsilon. [1]:191, Individuals may also win awards. Welcome to Theta Phi Alpha at Merrimack College, a sisterhood for life. 100%. Membership is available to undergraduates and graduate students at member institutions. If you don't have an account, click here to get your account If you forgot your user name or password, click here to get help. Phi Alpha Theta is an American honor society for undergraduate and graduate students and professors of history.

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